Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Fundamentals of Business Law and Ethics Discussion Essay

Basics of Business Law and Ethics Discussion - Essay Example Most inquiries accept that the mortgage holder is in a townhouse that must be administered by the Condominium Act. The principle utilization of the Services by all the Members, is a dependent upon all the relevant neighborhood, national, state, and worldwide standards and guidelines just as the necessary laws. The labeled stores the right, and doesn't expect any obligation, to screen the Services to uphold this Agreement. While learning of all the infringement of this Agreement. It is labeled at its sole carefulness that is ended in the entrance to and utilization of the Services that is necessitated that one amends such infringement, or take whatever other required activities that Tagged the most proper and uphold the fundamental rights and seek after all the accessible cures. For example, this is a private and common kind of laws .Gun proprietors will in general make the lawful buys that are required to pass a government historical verification and in many nations must satisfy the majority of the guidelines that acquire and convey or give consent, for example, age and preparing. Open and common kind of laws. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 denies most segregation in recruiting, and advancing, releasing, paying, incidental advantages, giving occupation preparing, characterization, referral, and different parts of business, based on race, shading, religion, sex or national birthplace. The lowest pay permitted by law in Ohio increments by 15 pennies 60 minutes. Strategy Matters Ohio, a non-factional association that reviews Ohios economy, says the expansion will support the wages of in excess of 277,000 Ohio laborers. Voters in Ohio endorsed a sacred change in 2006 that calls for yearly increments in the time-based compensation. In 2011, Governor Kasich made CSI and put it under my authority, and since that time we have been pushing ahead to smooth out Ohio’s business guidelines and help make Ohio more business-accommodating. This report features our endeavors in 2013 to expand on the achievements of CSI’s initial two years, and is attached to the objectives

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Analysis Of Athena In The Odyssey English Literature Essay

Examination Of Athena In The Odyssey English Literature Essay Following ten years, the Trojan War is finished and the Achaeans head home. Some legends of the war, similar to Nestor, return home rapidly to discover things essentially as they left them. Others, similar to Agamemnon, show up home to discover things extensively changed. Still others, similar to Menelaus, meander around for a period yet in the end get back securely. Odysseus, then again, has been experiencing no limit of difficulty returning home. As the story opens, we end up in the tenth year since the finish of the war, an entire a long time since Odysseus previously left his home and spouse Penelope to cruise off for Troy with the remainder of the Achaean powers. From that point forward Telemachus, the child of Odysseus has grown up without a dad thinking about whether he will at any point return home. Envision, maybe, that you are in a world that isn't of your own. Hear you can walk uninhibitedly in any structure you need. Each word you express and each move you make can influe nce the lives of millions and cost them everything. In any case, on the off chance that you can unite those individuals, and draw in them in the trial of their lives you would have been the rescuer and defender of those individuals. This is the job of Athena in Homer’s epic â€Å"The Odyssey†. In this exposition I will dissect Athena’s significant job of insurance and direction all through the epic, and how her utilization of camouflage and change influences their inspiration and decisions in the epic sonnet. Athena the goddess of insight and technique, a shape shifter of numerous structures, and little girl of Mã ©tis and Zeus, assumes as noteworthy job all through â€Å"The Odyssey. While she does every so often judge human activities, the prevailing job she plays is to offer test and security to both Odysseus and Telemachus. The goddess Athena turns into their main defender, and she is only here and there far away from Odysseus or his child. All through the epic Athena imparts certainty into Telemachus and helps him in his movements and excursion into masculinity. She persistently helps Odysseus, offering him guidance and viable help. Athena’s job isn't only that of helping Odysseus and Telemachus; she likewise helps in their advancement as characters, showing them tolerance, quietude, and limitation. From her first demonstration of help to her last peacemaking, she is generally answerable for the turn of events and finish of the plot. Telemachus’ wanders off in fantasy land before meeting Athena just because: â€Å"㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦sitting among the admirers, heart fixated on pain. He could nearly observe his glorious dad, here㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (B1:L134-136). Growing up without his dad Odysseus, the main information Telemachus is aware of him are just the tales advised to him by his consorts. With all the admirers wandering unreservedly through the incredible corridors of his father’s castle, pursuing his mom Penelope’s turn in marriage, Prince Telemachus is left sad to stop them. Athena utilizes her incredible abilities of system and intelligence to rapidly figure out how to move our saint Telemachus to travel to discover his dad. She shape shifts into Odysseus’ old companion Mentes, and predicts that Odysseus is as yet alive and that he will before long come back to Ithaca.†Take my words to heart. At dawn gather the islands masters to full get together, provide your requests to all and call the divine beings to witness㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ sail in journey of updates on your tragically deceased father,† Athena pronounced (B1:L315-325). With these uplifting statements, Athena utilizes her mask to impact the ruler to discover his dad. On the off chance that it not for Athena, Telemachus may have taken his dad for dead and urged his mom to wed one of her suitors. The venture is additionally significant in light of the fact that the excursion of Telemachus has a signi ficant influence of him turning into a man all alone.

Monday, August 3, 2020

The Absolute Guide on How to Write a Resignation Letter

The Absolute Guide on How to Write a Resignation Letter In the employment journey, the employee has to write the resignation letter. But most of the employees dont know how to write a resignation letter. In this blog, we are going to share with you everything about the resignation letter:- Meaning of Resignation Letter Summary Meaning of Resignation LetterWhat to write in a Resignation LetterHow to write a resignation letterDos and DontsDos-Donts-Resignation Letter FormatFirst ParagraphMiddle ParagraphFinal ParagraphSample for Formal Resignation LetterConclusion The resignation letter is an authorized letter sent by an employee to their employer of giving notice. That they will no longer be able to work in their organization or business. The main objective of a letter of resignation is to maintain an authorized record of notice, details, as well as about the employees working period and any other information. It can be said an official letter of quitting. It shows your intentions of leaving a company and making a resignation for it. What to write in a Resignation Letter A resignation letter should contain the following facts: A statement with a reason for leaving your jobThe name of your official staff positionThe name of your departmentA highlight of your working periodGreatness to your employers for hiring you in the companyWell wishes to your companys future workYour contact info How to write a resignation letter A resignation letter is written for leaving any company/business/organization in which you are currently working. The formatting of a resignation letter is formal. It should not be challenging or in a provoking manner. If you are having any personal issues with your company. Then you can deal with your manager personally instead of writing it in the resignation letter. The reason for resigning from the company should not be included in it because it can create conflict between you and the employer. Dos and Donts Some crucial facts are concerned with writing a resignation letter, so make sure you have written your resignation letter carefully and appropriately. Dos- Make it clear- A resignation letter is a final statement of you to the company, so make sure you use an explicit language and avoid all the complicated matters. Its always good to establish clarity in your relationship, whether it is professional or personal.Keep it positive- It should be written positively so that the employer would regret letting you go. Making it positive can eliminate the conflict between you two and can create a sense of respect.Provide a formal letter-The letter should be formally written; no personal arguments should be in the resignation letter.Offer to help at the time of Change-It can be very ethical if you offer to assist the other staff during the change. Donts- Talk about the new job-As you are leaving the company then it would be inappropriate to talk about your new job because there is no guarantee in it that your new job will work-out or not, so do not create a situation in which you wont be able to speak with your employers again.Reason for resigning- If you are leaving a job, then there must be any reason, maybe it can be a conflict with your Boss or any other personal problem. So its not the right time to speak about your intentions in the letter. Sample of a Formal Resignation Writing- There is an example of writing a formal resignation letter, which can help you to learn a practical approach for writing a resignation letter.` Resignation Letter Format The above resignation letter format will show you the manner of writing/style a resignation letter Contact infoFirst Last NameAddressCityMobile numberEmailDateTitleSalutationMr. / Ms. Sir/Maam First Paragraph Your letter should say that you are resigning from the company and state your position in the company. Middle Paragraph The next part of your resignation letter should state that you are thankful to your employer for providing you with the chance to work in the company.   Final Paragraph End-up your resignation letter with greatness by offering to help with the transition. Close-up Respectfully yours Signature Typed Signature Sample for Formal Resignation Letter The letter will show you an example to write a resignation letter Conclusion The whole study has shown you the method and ways of how to write a resignation letter. As we have indicated earlier, the letter consists of a formal way of writing. And should be stuck to the point. You should not add unnecessary things and concepts in the letter. We have shown you all the facts, methods, what to do, or what not do while writing a resignation letter. Apart from this, if you have any problems relating to the concept of writing a resignation letter, then please consult with us. Our experts who are having the skills of teaching you the facts relating to the resignation letter would be glad to share their expertise with you. Submit your requirements with us.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Functional Math Skills That Support Independence

Functional math skills are those skills that students need to live independently in the community, care for themselves, and make choices about their lives. Functional skills make it possible for students with disabilities to make choices about where they will live, how they will make money, what they will do with money, and what they will do with their spare time. To do these things, they need to be able to count money, tell time, read a bus schedule, follow directions at work, and know-how to check and balance a bank account. Functional Math Skills Before students can understand numbers and numeration, they have to understand one-to-one correspondence. As they count, they need to be able to match each item or items to a corresponding number and understand that the number represents a matching or a corresponding number of items. One-to-one correspondence will also be helpful in such household tasks as setting the table and matching socks. Other functional skills include: Number recognition: This includes recognizing and being able to write the 10 digits, and then recognizing place value: ones, tens, and hundreds.Skip counting: Skip counting by 5s and 10s to 100 is important for understanding time (such as five-minute increments on an analog clock) and money. Teachers can use a hundreds chart or on a number line to demonstrate skip counting.Operations: Its vital for students to have a grasp of addition and subtraction. At a later point, if your students have an understanding of these two operations, it may be possible to introduce multiplication and division. Students with special needs may not be able to develop the ability to do the math operations themselves independently, but they can learn how the operations are used in order to use a calculator to do calculations, like balancing a bank statement or paying bills. Time Time as a functional skill involves both understanding the importance of time—such as not staying up all night or not missing appointments because they dont leave enough time to get ready—and telling time on analog and digital clocks to get to school, work, or even the bus on time. Understanding time requires comprehending that seconds are fast, minutes almost as fast, and hours much longer. Students with disabilities, especially significant cognitive or developmental disabilities, may have behavioral outbursts because they are stuck on preferred activities, and dont realize they will miss lunch. For them, building an understanding of time may involve a visual clock, like a Time Timer, or a picture schedule. These tools help give students a sense of control over their schedule and an understanding of what happens and when during their school or even home day. Parents may also benefit from having visual schedules at home. For children with autism spectrum disorders, it can help avoid long periods of self-stimulatory (stimming) behavior, which may actually undermine progress they are making at school. Teachers can also pair telling time with understanding the concept of time, for example, that 6 a.m. is when you get up and 6 p.m. is when you eat dinner. Once students can tell the time to the hour and half-hour, they can progress to skip counting by fives and telling time to the nearest five-minute interval. A geared clock, such as a Judy clock—where the hour hand moves when the minute hand goes around—helps students understand that both hands move together. Money Money, as a functional math skill, has several levels of skill: Recognizing money: pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters.Counting money: first in single denominations and later mixed coinsUnderstand the value of money: budgets, wages, and paying bills Measurement Learning measurement for students with special needs should involve length and volume. A student should be able to use a ruler and even perhaps a tape measure for length and recognize inches, half and quarter inches, as well as feet or yards. If a student has an aptitude for carpentry or graphic arts, the ability to measure length or size will be helpful. Students should also learn volume measurements, such as cups, quarts, and gallons. This skill is useful for filling tubs, cooking, and following directions. When cooking is part of a functional curriculum, a knowledge of measures of volume will be helpful. Students should be able to choose what they will cook, and find and read recipes. Familiarity with measuring volume will help students who want to pursue work in culinary arts, such as a kitchen assistant.

Monday, May 11, 2020

The Deployment Of Economic Sanctions On The International...

The deployment of economic sanctions on the international stage by states to influence the behavior of other states has become the norm in International Relations. Despite the increase in popularity of this practice over the course of the past century, the question of its efficiency is one that is still debated and remains unanswered. The idea that putting economic pressures on a country to illicit a certain behavior or change in behavior from that country works in theory, but in practice, it is more complicated and does not necessarily work the way that theory suggests it should. Some economists and policy analysts have taken the approach of deconstructing the subject in order to consider what variable may or may not affect the efficiency†¦show more content†¦Positive sanctions are meant to foster relations between countries. Negative sanctions are intended to cause another country economic harm. The debate around economic sanctions typically focuses on the negative kind. S anctions can be unilateral - from one sender country to one target country - or multilateral from multiple countries. Multilateral sanctions can be orchestrated by one main country supported by other countries, or they can be sent under the auspices of an international organization. Raul Caruso distinguishes three different kinds of negative sanctions – boycotts, embargoes, and Kassim 3 financial sanctions. A boycott is the restriction of imports from the target country; embargoes are restrictions on exports to the target country; financial sanctions are restrictions on investment in the target country (Caruso â€Å"Should We Set† 23). Kaempfer and Lowenberg posit that economic sanctions can be proposed for the following three reasons: in response to a nation that threatens the wealth or security of the sender nation; to achieve moral or ideological goals; as a part of trade policy and commercial relations – i.e. in response to tariffs or quotas (Kaempfer 2). The question of whether or not sanctions are efficient is a difficult one to answer. A major contributing factor to this difficulty is the lack of a universal standard for gauging success. Analysts create the criteria by which to judge success, and these criteria are not accepted by

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

New paradigms for health care delivery Free Essays

Changes occurring in Health care delivery and Medicine are the result of social, economical, technological, scientific forces that have evolved in the 21st century. Among the most significant changes are shift in disease patterns, advanced technology, increased consumer expectations and high costs of health care. These factors have redefined medical practices to fit into the changing health delivery system. We will write a custom essay sample on New paradigms for health care delivery or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many health care professionals have come to the conclusion and belief that they will be compelled to explore new paradigms for health care delivery in the future like electronic medical record keeping, telemedicine, computer-based diagnostics and health monitoring to keep pace with the changing scenario. This is due to the accountability of the medical profession today and changing disease patterns. Doctors are under increasing pressure to keep up to date and to base their decisions more firmly on evidences as opposed to anecdotal information of the past. Patients are much more informed than they were 10 years ago. No doctor can tell a patient what to do without being questioned today. Further, with the advent of concepts like informed consent and advance directives, such scientific changes gain relevance. ELEMENTS OF THE NEW PARADIGM The use of electronic documentation is becoming increasingly prevalent in terms of convenience. The National Academy of Sciences report states that the US health care industry spent between $10 and $15 billion on information technology in 1996. Much of this expenditure is attributed to creating electronic records systems and converting conventionally stored data to electronic formats.   There are many software programs specially developed for electronic record keeping. This includes ‘Doctors partner’, an advanced Electronic Medical Records (EMR) System with Integrated Appointment Scheduling Billing, Prescription Writer, Transcription Module, Document Management and Workflow Management built to meet HIPAA standards. ‘Practice Partner Patient Records’ is an award winning electronic medical records (EMR) system, allowing practices to store and retrieve patient charts electronically. There are innumerable such branded medical record softwares available today. The standards in practice for EMR include ASTM International Continuity of Care Record , ANSI X12 (EDI) CEN , EN13606, HISA, DICOM , HL7 ,ISO   and openEHR . (Ringold et.al.,2000). The American Medical Association and 13 other medical groups representing 500,000 physicians have signaled their intention to go electronic with the AMA formed   Physicians’ â€Å"Electronic Health Record Coalition† to recommend affordable, standards-based technology to their constituents. President Bush has also promoted a nationwide computerized medical records system in a recent visit to a children’s hospital at Vanderbilt University. Scientific innovations have found a niche in complicated medical procedures as well. A recent study successfully has evaluated a bar code patient identification system, which involves a hand-held computer for sample collection and for compatibility testing administration of blood. (Turner et.al, 2003). A recent research article (Sandler et.al, 2000) reports of a solid phase and micro titer plate hemagglutination method for pretransfusion compatibility tests. This I-TRAC is an automated process of blood matching with improved serological sensitivity and standardized compatibility testing supporting electronic record keeping and linking to a bar code identification system. San Raffale Hospital in Milan, Italy, has recently collaborated with Intel and CISCO systems to use wireless-enabled infrastructures and Radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies. The system uses RFID-radio frequency identification technology to address the sources of   human and systems error in blood transfusion supply chain. This pilot programme has been   implemented at the 1,100 bed San Raffale hospital where more than 15000 blood transfusions are done every year. The CAT (Computer Aided Tomography) is yet another revolution in medicine which combines the X-ray technology with computer signal processing to generate images of tissues of the body obscured by other organs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a common technique used to scan pathological or physiological status of living tissues. Much is known about the computer aided continuous ECG monitoring with a play back facility for assessing the cardiac status of the patient. Today we are in a wonderful situation where we will be able to develop a drug based on computer analysis skipping a few phases of clinical testing. PERSPECTIVES ON THE PARADIGM SHIFT Thus, scientific innovations are part of the evolutionary process of the medical science. The basic instrument of a physician, the Stethoscope, the Sphygmomanometer used for monitoring the patient blood pressure, the Catheter, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy, the EEG, ECG, EMG, Echocardiogram, Ultrasonic scan, to name a few were nothing but such scientific innovations integrated into the field of medicine in the nineteenth and twentieth century. Thus, Computer based telemedicine, medical record system, and diagnostic procedures are scientific innovations of the twenty-first century. Hence, it is nothing but a natural and moral obligation of the health care sector to integrate them into the field of medicine. Changes in financial incentives and health care delivery structures are producing new threats to health care quality (A.Brennan, 1991). The retributive measures are cumbersome and expensive. Hence, there is a need for more accountable health delivery system, which will enable application of modern scientific approaches to quality health care system. In this context, quality of the medical care depends on promotion of quality medical care by managed care organizations. REFERENCE Brennan, T, et.al, â€Å"Incidence of adverse events and negligence in hospitalized patients: the results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study†, New England Journal of Medicine 324: 370-76, 1991. Là ¦rum Hallvard, MD, Tom H. Karlsen, MD, and Arild Faxvaag, MD, PhD . â€Å"Effects of Scanning and Eliminating Paper-based Medical Records on Hospital Physicians’ Clinical Work Practice†. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 10: 588-595.2003. Ringold DJ , JP Santell, and PJ Schneider , â€Å"ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in acute care settings: dispensing and administration–1999†. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 57 (19): 1759-75. 2000. Sauer et.al, â€Å"Errors in transfusion medicine† Lab Med. 32(4): 205-207, 2001. Turner et.al, â€Å"Bar code technology: its role in increasing the safety of blood transfusion†, Transfusion, 43(9): 1200:2003. How to cite New paradigms for health care delivery, Essay examples

Thursday, April 30, 2020

World Trade and International Finance Essay Example Essay Example

World Trade and International Finance Essay Example Paper World Trade and International Finance Essay Introduction Investment portfolios are generally determined by two general factors: country risk and political risk. Country risk refers to the likelihood that changes in the macro environment adversely affecting the operating profits or the value of assets (domestic and foreign) in a specific country. There are three key phrases in the definition that are of importance to any risk analysis. First, only changes in the macro environment (economic environment) are perceived as significant variables in assessing country risk. Second, it is assume that country risk is probabilistic in nature. One can assume that the methods used in evaluating country risk are statistical in orientation. And third, it is assumed that the higher is the country risk, the higher is the chance for the operating profits or the value of assets to be adversely affected.There are several indicators of country risk. Here are as follows: 1) monetary controls used by central banks, 2) fiscal policies implemented by governments, 3) exchange rate conditions (whether a currency is protective, floating, or semi-floating), 4) level of tariffs or subsidies, 5) marginal domestic propensity to invest, 6) credit ratings, and 6) political risk. For simplicity purposes, the last indicator of country risk will be discussed in the next paragraphs. It is assumed that the higher the monetary controls of central banks, the lower is the probability that assets (foreign and domestic) will lose significant value. Monetary controls stabilize the value of assets in a given period of time. Because liquid assets are susceptible to changes in international money markets, central banks can issue ‘assurance’ bills that will guarantee the face value of such assets. However, monetary controls must not be overtly protective.Higher monetary controls mean lower returns for liquid assets. Fiscal policies pursued by governments also determine the level of country risk. High government spending drives aggregate demand upwards, increasing incentives to invest. However, the optimal level of spending must be carefully assessed. Excessive spending leads to high inflation and unemployment rates. Exchange rate conditions are also an important factor in evaluating country risk. A general depreciation of a currency is a signal for firms to shift their supply schedules to exportable goods. For foreign firms, it is also a signal to shift their production schedules to domestic goods (theoretical). In secondary markets, a depreciation of a currency relative to another currency leads to lower returns for foreign assets.An appreciation results to an increased demand for foreign currency. Depreciation, appreciation, and devaluation have significant bearing on the value (returns) of assets. The level of tariffs and subsidies are also important in evaluating country risk. A higher marginal domestic propensity to invest is an indication that a particular country has a rising economic growth (translated into real terms). A lower marginal domestic propensity to invest is an indication of low aggregate output. Translated into risk, a country with low aggregate economic output is relatively risky for foreign investment. Credit rating is another important indicator of country risk. A country with good credit ratings is a good avenue for increased foreign investment. A country with ‘bad’ credit ratings is relatively a risky avenue for investment (domestic and foreign). However, it is noteworthy that the level of risk associated with credit ratings is never a sufficient determinant in assessing the value of assets. For example, it is possible for an asset to increase steadily even if the reference country has ‘bad’ credit ratings. Value of assets is generally determined by the level of clearing in the secondary market, type of monetary controls used in an economy, and guarantees used by the issuing firm/individual.Health risk is a general indicator used by the United Nations (and its agencies) in assessing the health status of a particular country. Some of the factors assessed are as follows: 1) susceptibility to common ailments and diseases, 2) diet, 3) nutritional deficiencies, 4) consumption patterns, and 5) work-related illness. A country where a significant portion of its population exposed to common diseases has high health risk. The same goes with nutritional deficiencies. Third World countries have the highest levels of nutritional deficiencies, covering about 40% of its total population. Consumption patterns are difficult to assess because of subjectivity. However, it is a generally accepted rule that countries which approximate the consumption patterns of Western countries have low health risk. A country with high incidence of work-related illness has high health risk. However, such proposition should be structurally viewed. High income countries have different health risk patterns (with regard to work-related illness) than developing countries. It is possible for high income countries to have high incidence of work-related illness.Political risk is one of the most popular indicators used in assessing country risk. This type of risk refers to the complications businesses, individual investors, and governments face as a result of political decisions (public decisions). In technical terms, it is a type of risk related to political instability and government inefficiency in implementing economic reforms. Here, delineation between political risk and country risk must be established. Some books assume that the two concepts are synonymous. However, when viewed from the point of view of individual firms, there is a contrasting significance. Firms usually distinguish risks into two forms: economic risks and political risks. Political risk therefore would be limited to actions undertaken by governments, associated ideology of public governance, and the level of political instability. Country risk is measured by macro and global econom ic variables.Like country risk, political risk is probabilistic in nature. It is measured by variables (although some variables may be qualitative in orientation). The degree of prediction depends mainly on the depth of the analysis used in evaluating political risk and its relation to accepted theoretical propositions. For example, it is assume that a low level of political risk is not necessarily correlated to a high degree of political freedom. There are some states that are authoritarian but are stable (less political risk). Countries in Western Europe which have high degrees of political freedom are also politically stable. To further illustrate this case, there is a need to analyze the experiences of North and South Korea, Taiwan, and China.With the end of the Second World War, China erupted into a civil war. Nationalist were driven from the mainland. They established their seat of government in Taiwan. China became a Communist country. Mao directed the so-called ‘great leap forward’, an economic revolution designed to transform China into an industrial power. His policy, however, failed (as was the Cultural Revolution). With his death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping assumed the position as secretary-general of the CCP. He declared, â€Å"To get rich is glorious.† He initiated economic reforms that increased foreign investments in the country. Industries were also streamlined to meet world market demands.Finance analysts from World Bank and IMF classified China as a less politically risky country; that is, it was desirable for foreigners to invest in the country (Xiaoping even initiated a supra restructuring of the legal system to suit his economic policies. The same can be said about China. To prevent Communism from spreading in Taiwan, Chiang Kai-shek (former Chinese president and leader of the Nationalists) initiated a powerful land reform program. He destroyed the power of the landlords and introduced economic measures to increase foreign investments into the country. For the next 30 years, the country did not experience any major political turmoil. No political group could overthrow or at least effectively oppose the policies of the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang). Taiwan was then classified as a less politically risky country by international finance agencies. After the Korean War, the government of South Korea implemented economic reforms that increase national aggregate output. Since that time, economic growth of South Korea increased steadily. Politically, it was stable. International finance agencies put South Korea in the list of less politically risky countries.There are several things that one can learn from the experiences of the above-mentioned countries. First, political stability is related to economic growth. Once a country attains political stability, economic growth soon follows. Second, economic growth leads to increased foreign investment (because of low political risks). Improvement in the market in frastructure of a country coupled with a stable and efficient government is one of the determinants of low political risk. And lastly, political instability is an antithesis of economic development (economic development encompasses economic growth because it assumes the totality of the economic efficiency of the domestic market). Revolution, riots, and civil wars (which characterized the above-mentioned countries in the past) lead to poor economic performance.The World Bank and its agencies may succeed in their efforts to improve the investment climate in Third World countries. First, because Third World countries not very susceptible to the effects of the global financial crisis, loans provided by the International Monetary Fund are usually invested in long-term economic projects. Even if FDI from developed countries decline, the ratio improvement per capital may actually increase. And, second, Third World countries today are beginning to become less and less dependent on developed countries for FDI. This can be illustrated by the so-called ‘regional areas.’ Members of ASEAN which mostly are Third World countries are heavily involved in capital exchanges. These capital exchanges are designed to foster capital mobility among member countries in order to lessen dependence on FDI from developed countries. The significant growth of the capital infrastructure of Indonesia was the result of capital inflows from Malaysia, the Philippines, and India. Note here that the creation of ‘regional areas’ was a move initiated by the United Nations as a move to improve the investment climate in Third World countries. World Trade and International Finance Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Saturday, March 21, 2020

Free Essays on The Real Macbeth

Macbeth is one of the most well known plays Shakespeare wrote, but there is another Macbeth that many do not know about. Macbeth was a Scottish king whom the play was based on. There are many differences between Shakespeare’s play and the historical figure. Modern sources suggest the picture Shakespeare paints of Scotland in 1044 is based on rumors and few source documents. The most comprehensive and historical model may be Dorothy Dunnet’s epic novel King Hereafter. Shakespeare took the skeletal outline of Macbeth from Holinshed’s Chronicles, as he got much inspiration from. Although, Holinshed’s story maybe more factual both have fictional elements. Shakespeare wrote the play as a tribute to King James, who was the owner of Shakespeare’s play company. Macbeth was a king of Scotland from 1040 to 1057. He did come to throne after the assignation of King Duncan. Macbeth may have murdered his predecessor but the crime was not unusual at the time. Duncan was not a mature strong king unjustly of being slain but instead a weak willed man unequal to the task of governing his realm. After â€Å"seizing† the throne Macbeth used his power effectively and became a competent king. He seized the throne in the play as well but focused on keeping his reign rather then the welfare of the duties of being a king. The real Macbeth did not kill the king in his own home, which is one of the reasons the play is so tragic. It is said Duncan had set out to subdue the independent chiefs of North, and while engaged was killed by Macbeth or on his orders. Macbeth’s wife in the play was referred to as Lady Macbeth. In reality her name was Gruoch. She did influence Macbeth to have the king killed. She was the daughter of a man named Biote, who was the song of King Kenneth III, whom was murdered by Malcolm II in order to become king. Although Scottish kings were elected, killing the king made the position open to candidates. The historical Lady Ma... Free Essays on The Real Macbeth Free Essays on The Real Macbeth Macbeth is one of the most well known plays Shakespeare wrote, but there is another Macbeth that many do not know about. Macbeth was a Scottish king whom the play was based on. There are many differences between Shakespeare’s play and the historical figure. Modern sources suggest the picture Shakespeare paints of Scotland in 1044 is based on rumors and few source documents. The most comprehensive and historical model may be Dorothy Dunnet’s epic novel King Hereafter. Shakespeare took the skeletal outline of Macbeth from Holinshed’s Chronicles, as he got much inspiration from. Although, Holinshed’s story maybe more factual both have fictional elements. Shakespeare wrote the play as a tribute to King James, who was the owner of Shakespeare’s play company. Macbeth was a king of Scotland from 1040 to 1057. He did come to throne after the assignation of King Duncan. Macbeth may have murdered his predecessor but the crime was not unusual at the time. Duncan was not a mature strong king unjustly of being slain but instead a weak willed man unequal to the task of governing his realm. After â€Å"seizing† the throne Macbeth used his power effectively and became a competent king. He seized the throne in the play as well but focused on keeping his reign rather then the welfare of the duties of being a king. The real Macbeth did not kill the king in his own home, which is one of the reasons the play is so tragic. It is said Duncan had set out to subdue the independent chiefs of North, and while engaged was killed by Macbeth or on his orders. Macbeth’s wife in the play was referred to as Lady Macbeth. In reality her name was Gruoch. She did influence Macbeth to have the king killed. She was the daughter of a man named Biote, who was the song of King Kenneth III, whom was murdered by Malcolm II in order to become king. Although Scottish kings were elected, killing the king made the position open to candidates. The historical Lady Ma...

Thursday, March 5, 2020

Useful Japanese Adverbs

Useful Japanese Adverbs alwaysitsumo㠁„㠁 ¤Ã£â€šâ€š usuallytaitei㠁Ÿã â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£ â€ž oftenyokuよ㠁  sometimestokidoki時々 seldommettani ( negative verb)ã‚ Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£  « never, by no meanszenzenå… ¨Ã§â€ž ¶ quite, entirelymattaku㠁 ¾Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£   certainly, by all meanskanarazuÃ¥ ¿â€¦Ã£ Å¡ absolutelyzettainiç µ ¶Ã¥ ¯ ¾Ã£  « perhaps, probablytabunÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã¥Ë†â€  indeed, reallyhontouniæÅ" ¬Ã¥ ½â€œÃ£  « completelysukkari㠁™ã  £Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ  surely, certainlykitto㠁 Ã£  £Ã£  ¨ especiallytokuniç‰ ¹Ã£  « extremely, verytotemo㠁 ¨Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€š fairly, considerablykanari㠁‹ã  ªÃ£â€šÅ  slightly, a bit​chotto㠁 ¡Ã£â€šâ€¡Ã£  £Ã£  ¨ about, approximatelyyakuç ´â€ž foreveritsumademo㠁„㠁 ¤Ã£  ¾Ã£  §Ã£â€šâ€š all the time, by farzutto㠁šã  £Ã£  ¨ once, beforekatsute㠁‹ã  ¤Ã£  ¦ not yet, stillmada㠁 ¾Ã£    soonsugu㠁™ã   for a whileshibaraku㠁â€"㠁 °Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£   for the time beingichiou㠁„㠁 ¡Ã£ Å Ã£ â€  anyway, at any ratetonikaku㠁 ¨Ã£  «Ã£ â€¹Ã£   now, well, incidentallytokorode㠁 ¨Ã£ â€œÃ£â€š Ã£  § at first​mazu㠁 ¾Ã£ Å¡ next, thentsuginiæ ¬ ¡Ã£  « finallysaigoniæÅ"ی ¾Å'㠁 « again, alsomata㠁 ¾Ã£ Å¸ suddenlykyuuniæ€ ¥Ã£  « by chanceguuzenniÃ¥  ¶Ã§â€ž ¶Ã£  « just, preciselychoudo㠁 ¡Ã£â€šâ€¡Ã£ â€ Ã£  © alreadymouも㠁† moremottoも㠁 £Ã£  ¨ most​mottomoæÅ"€ã‚‚ fasthayakuæâ€" ©Ã£   slowlyyukkuriゆ㠁 £Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ  increasinglymasumasu㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢ graduallydandan㠁  Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£   Ã£â€šâ€œ at lastyattoや㠁 £Ã£  ¨ togetherisshoniä ¸â‚¬Ã§ ·â€™Ã£  « separatelybetsubetsuniåˆ ¥Ã£  « insteadkawariniä » £Ã£â€š Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  « quietlyjitto㠁˜ã  £Ã£  ¨ secretlysotto㠁 Ã£  £Ã£  ¨ on purposewazatoã‚ Ã£ â€"㠁 ¨ despite ones effortssekkaku㠁›ã  £Ã£ â€¹Ã£   if possiblenarubeku㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ¹Ã£  

Monday, February 17, 2020

Humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Humanities - Essay Example sance’ literally means â€Å"rebirth.† It referred to the ideas of artistic renewal and reawakening that occurred in this time period as people began rediscovering the skill of the ancient world, starting in Italy and spreading to other nations. To them, the remnants of the ancient world represented a golden age of shared culture, reason and creativity. Their refocus on the classical subjects, styles and artistic knowledge can be discovered in various forms of art created during this time period, including paintings. Although artists were strongly influenced by classical thought, shown in their inclusion of ancient myths and legends, the Renaissance was also heavily influenced by contemporary discovery and Christian ideals. At nearly the same time, the church underwent a period of Reformation, in which they rejected their previous focus on material wealth and riches, turning instead to simpler, purer early forms. Many artists during the Renaissance, freed of their stric tly religious patrons, were pulled between Christianity and paganism, heaven and earth, in their subjects and communicated this conflict in the magnificent works of art they produced. When the mathematical focus of the ancient Greeks and Romans was discovered, artists of 15th century Florence quickly linked it to the proportional, focus of their own world. They recognized the geometric and arithmetic formulas as a common factor in both creating great works of art as well as communicating to their largely commercial audience on an immediate basis. â€Å"In an age of non-standard shipping units, one had to be able to calculate contents and quantities of shipments fairly rapidly† (Lemaitre & Lessing, 1993, p. 15). Painters and other artists employed this community-wide foundational knowledge in geometry to present objects and elements in their work that were familiar to the average viewer at the same time that they immediately emphasized the message they wished to portray. â€Å"In the same way

Monday, February 3, 2020

Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Human resources - Essay Example It is important to understand that the employees are the party that is most affected by a performance management system. Their salaries and promotions are decided through the performance management system. And also their benefits are cuts through the same system. This is why for implementing any successful performance management system it is essential to take all employees on board. Without the greater support of employee no performance management system can work successfully in any firm. It is as important to listen to the employees as it is to talk to the employees. Human resource has to be carefully nurtured and therefore it is essential to pay heed to their opinions and reservation. Many companies never listen to their employees and therefore are not able to successfully benefit from performance management process. The case illustrates that through listening to employees and taking into account their reservation greater support for performance management system can be developed. Focus groups, discussions, and interviews of employees and managers can help create greater support for a performance management system. When designing a performance management plan it is important to customize it according to the needs and opinions of employees and this can only be done when feedback is taken from employees and they are given a chance to raise their reservations. When employee feedback is taken and performance management system is designed according to the feedback, employees feel empowered. They feel that they have themselves made the system and it was not forced upon them. This is how support for performance management system can be garnered through employee participation. Letting the employees decide as to how they want to be evaluated is a very good way to generate support for performance management system. It is always good to have an outside consultant in order to shape a

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Freuds Cases of Hysteria: Birth of Psychoanalysis

Freuds Cases of Hysteria: Birth of Psychoanalysis Abstract This thesis returns to the original case histories that Freud wrote on the patients he treated for hysteria. Here in these early works, the beginnings of psychoanalytical theory take shape in the acceptance of purely psychological theories of hysteria. Catharsis leads to the first inklings of repression which requires the use of free association, which again leads into Freuds attempt to explain the strange neuroses he sees through seduction theory, which is again transformed as his thinking moves on. Through Anna O, Frau Emmy von N. and Dora, Freud discovered the seeds of what would become his all-encompassing theory of the human psyche. Modern reinterpretations (e.g. Rosenbaum Muroff, 1984) of those early cases that form the basis of modern psychoanalysis have come and gone, but the original texts remain as historical testament to the fermenting of those fundamental ideas. Introduction Hysteria has been a hugely popular subject for research in psychoanalysis and in the history of ideas. Its roots are clearly signalled by the Greek word from which the word comes: uterus. Indeed the uterus was seen by Egyptians as a mobile organism that could move about of its own will when it chose to do so this caused the disturbances only seen (or acknowledged) in women. Treatments for this disease included trying to entice the uterus back into the body with the use of attractive-smelling substances as well as the driving down of the uterus from above by the eating of noxious substances. Just under four thousand years later, the formulation and treatment of hysterics had barely improved. The history of hysteria shows how it has often been seen as a physical disorder, rather than a mental one. Borossa (2001) describes some of the most common symptoms of hysteria as involving paralysis of the limbs, coughing, fainting, the loss of speech and parallel to this the sudden proficiency in another language. The change of viewpoint that lead up to Freuds analysis was slow in coming, and, as Bernheimer (1985) describes, only showed the first signs of changing in the seventeenth century with the first questions being raised that perhaps hysteria had its origins in a mental disturbance of some kind. Antecedent to Freuds interest in hysteria, it was the clinical neurologist, Charcot, who had a great influence on the field and accepted, by his methods, a more psychological explanation. Although sexual factors had long been implicated in the aetiology of hysteria (Ellenberger, 1970), Charcot did not agree that they were a sine qua non although he did maintain that they played an important part. He treated patients using a form of hypnosis and eventually his formulation of how hysteria was produced and treated was closely intertwined with the hypnosis itself. It was this use of hypnosis that interested Freud and it was the implication of sexual factors in hysteria that was eventually to become influential. It seemed that hysteria and hypnosis might offer Freud the chance to investigate the link between mind and body (Schoenwald, 1956). Anna O: The First Psychoanalytical Patient The literature often describes Anna O as the first ever patient of psychoanalysis. As it is notoriously difficult to define precisely what psychoanalysis might mean because of its shifting nature through time, this is a claim that is clearly interpretational. Still, the fact that this claim is made raises the interest into precisely what it was that marked out Anna Os treatment and the theories accompanying it from what had gone before. Although Anna O was not a patient of Freud, but a patient of his close colleague at the time, Joseph Breuer, he took a great interest in her case and its treatment, and from it flowed some of the foundational aspects of psychoanalysis both through the analysis of this case and Freuds reaction and reinterpretation of it. One of the reasons that Freud was interested in Anna O was that she represented an extremely unusual case of hysteria. Anna O had first been taken ill while she had been taking care of her dying father. At first she suffered from a harsh cough which soon expanded into a range of other perplexing symptoms. Freud Breuer (1991) describe these symptoms as going through four separate stages. The first stage, the latent incubation, occurred while she was nursing her dying father she had become weak, was not eating and would spend much of the afternoons sleeping, which was then unexpectedly followed by a period of excited activity in the evenings. The second stage, which had begun around the time Breuer started treating her, contained a strange confluence of symptoms. Her vision was affected by a squint, she could no longer move any of the extremities on the right side of her body. The third stage, which roughly coincided with the death of her father, heralded alternating states of somnam bulism with relative normality. The fourth stage, according to Breuer, is the slow leaking away of these symptoms up until June 1882, almost two years after she had first come to see her physician. The question is, how had these symptoms been interpreted and what had Breuer done in claiming to effect a cure? It is in the case of Anna O that the most basic elements of a new talking cure can be seen. As told by Breuer, it is a treatment that grew organically, as if by its own power, as he continued to see the patient. Often, in the afternoons, when the patient would habitually fall into an auto-hypnotic state, she would utter odd words or phrases, which, when questioned by those around her, would become elaborated into stories, sometimes taking the form of fairytales. These stories told to Breuer, changed in character over the period of Anna Os treatment, moving from those that were light and poetic, through to those that contained dark and frightening imagery. The unusual thing about these stories was that after they were told, it was as though a demon had been released from the patient and she became calmer and open to reason, cheerful even, often for a period of twenty-four hours afterwards. There seemed to be, staring Breuer in the face, some kind of connection between the stories that Anna O told him and the symptoms which she was manifesting. It was here that Freud was to find the roots of a purely psychological explanation of hysteria. Breuer describes numerous examples of this connection. On one occasion Anna O appeared to be suffering from an uncontrollable thirst and was given to demanding water, although when it was brought, she would refuse to touch it. After six weeks of this continuing, one day, again in an auto-hypnotic state, she started to tell a story about a friend who had allowed her dog to drink out of a glass. This had apparently caused the patient considerable distress and seemed to have led to pent-up anger, which was expressed on this occasion to Breuer. Afterwards Breuer was surprised to find that her previous craving and then abhorrence of water had disappeared. Other similar connections between symptoms and a story told by the patient were also s een by Breuer so that eventually he came up with the theory that the patient could be cured systematically by going through the symptoms to find the event that had caused their onset. Once the event had been described, as long as it was with sufficient emotional vigour, the patient would show remission of that symptom. It was by this method that Breuer claimed to have effected a cure of Anna O over the period of the treatment. It is from this case, although not in the immediate reporting by Breuer, that some of the most fundamental principles of psychoanalysis begin to form. An element of the story that has now passed into psychoanalytic legend, with some accepting its truth while others rejecting it, provides a more dramatic ending to the therapeutic relationship than that presented by Breuer. According to Freud (1970) in his letters, he pieced together an alternative account of what had happened at the end of Anna Os therapy. According to Freud, Breuer had been treating Anna O in the way he had discovered, as previously described, and had finally reached the point where her symptoms had been removed. Later that day he was called back to his patient to find her in considerable apparent pain in her abdomen. When she was asked what was wrong she replied that, Dr. Bs child is coming! This immediately sent Breuer away from her at the highest speed as he was not able to cope with this new revelation. He then p assed her onto a colleague for further treatment as he had already realised that his wife was jealous of his treatment of Anna O and this new revelation only compounded the problem. Forrester (1990) draws attention to the fact that Breuer acknowledged the importance of sexuality in the causes of neuroses. But despite this, he backed away from Anna Os case as soon as it came to the surface. As Forrester (1990) points out, Freud sees this as Breuers mistake and sees in it the birth of a psychoanalysis, especially one of its most important aspects: transference, and more specifically: sexual transference. Through the way that Breuer describes Anna Os progress in his new type of therapy, the path which the theory of hysteria and its treatment takes gradually emerges. Although Anna Os case was reported later it was Breuer Freud (1893) that used her case as the basis for their theory of hysteria. Breuer Freud (1893) state that they believe that the symptoms of hysteria have, at their root cause, some kind of causal event, perhaps occurring many years before the symptoms expose themselves. The patient is unlikely to easily reveal what this event is simply because they are not consciously aware of what it is, or that there is a causal connection. They are not worried by the seeming disproportionate nature of the precipitating event and subsequent symptoms. In fact they welcome this disproportionate nature as a defining characteristic of hysteria. Their analysis likens the root cause, or pathogenesis, of hysteria to that caused by a traumatic neurosis    perhaps similar to what we would now call post-traumatic stress disorder. The patient has, therefore, suffered a psychical trauma that manifests itself in this hysteria. The idea that the psychical trauma simply has a precipitating effect on the symptoms is dismissed by the authors referring to the evidence they have from the case studies of the remarkable progress their patients made after the memory of the psychical trauma has been exorcised through its explication and re-experiencing. Importantly, in defining the problem, Breuer Freud (1893) see the symptoms as a kind of failure of reaction to the original event. The memory of the event can only fade if the reaction to that event has not been suppressed. And it is here that there is a clear precursor to ideas central to later Freudian theory about the nature and causes of repression. In normal reactions to psychical traumas, the authors talk of a cathartic effect resulting in a release of the energy. The reverse of this, the suppression of catharsis (Freeman, 1972), is seen here as the cause of the symptoms adequately evidenced by the new treatment of a kind of delayed catharsis that appears to release the patient from their symptoms. What, then, are the mechanisms by which a psychical trauma of some kind is not reacted to sufficiently? Two answers are provided here, the first that because of the circumstances of the trauma, it was not possible to form a reaction in other words the reactions is suppressed. The second is that a reaction may not have been possible due to the mental state of the person at that time for example during a period of paralysing fear. The circumstances in which the failure of a reaction occurs is also instrumental in the burying of these thoughts and feelings and helps to explain why the patient themselves is not able to access them in the normal ways. Frau Emmy von N. Freuds interest in hysteria and in hypnosis was certainly piqued by both Charcot and Breuer and having collaborated on the latters work with Anna O including the belief that he had found a theory of practical benefit it was only a matter of time before he became further involved in the treatment of hysteria himself. Reported as the second case history in The Studies on Hysteria, (Breuer Freud, 1991) a patient of Freuds, Frau Emmy von N., exhibited symptoms that typified hysteria and Freud resolved to treat her. He reports that the patient was 40 years old, was from a good family and of high education and intelligence. She had been widowed at a young age, leaving her to look after her two children this she ascribed as the cause of her current malady. Freud describes her first meeting as being continually interrupted by the patient breaking off, and suddenly displaying signs of disgust and horror on her face while telling him to, Keep still! and other similar remonstrations. Apart from this the patient also had a series of tics, some facial, but the most pronounced being a clacking sound which littered her utterances. Freuds initial treatment was more physical than mental. She was told to take warm baths and be given massages. This was combined with hypnosis in which Freud simply suggested that she sleep well and that her symptoms would lessen. This was helped by the fact that Freud reports that Frau Emmy von N. was an extremely good hypnotic subject he only had to raise his finger and make a few simple suggestions to put her into a trance. Freud wonders whether this compliance is due to previous exposure to hypnosis and a desire to please. A week later Freud asked his patient why she was so easily frightened. She replied with a story about a traumatic experience that had occurred when she was younger her older brothers and sisters had thrown dead animals at her. As she described these stories to Freud, he reports that she was, panting for breath as well as displaying obvious difficulty with the emotions that she was dealing with. After these emotions have been expressed, she became calmer and more peaceful. Freud also uses touch to reinforce his suggestion that these unnerving images have been removed. Under hypnosis, Freud continued to elicit these stories that demonstrated why she was so often nervous. She explained to Freud that she had once had a maidservant who told her stories of life in an asylum including beatings and patients being tied to chairs. Freud then explained to her that this was not the usual situation in asylums. She had also apparently seen hallucinations at one point, seeing the same person in tw o places and being transfixed by it. While she had been nursing her dying brother, who was taking large quantities of morphine for the pain he was in, he would frequently grab her suddenly. Freud saw this as part of a pattern of her being seized against her will and resolved to investigate it further. It was a few days after this that quite a significant point in the therapy came. Emmy von N. was again explaining about the frightening stories of the asylum and Freud stopped himself from correcting her, intuitively realising that he had to let her give full vent to her fears, without redirecting her course. This is perhaps a turning point in the way in which Freud treated his patient, made clearer by the historical context in which this scene operates. While still seen as authority figures now, physicians were much stronger authority figures then. This combined with the greater imbalance of power between men and women would have meant that the patient would be naturally hesitant about taking any control over their own treatment. Forrester (1990) sees this as a shift in the pattern of authority between the doctor and the patient that originated in Breuers treatment of Anna O a move from the telling the patient what to do, to listening to what the patient has to say. Forrester (1990 ) constructs the relationship that Freud began to build with Emmy von N. as more of a framework of authority within which the patient was able to express her thoughts and feelings to the doctor and in this sense the doctors job is to help the patient keep up this outpouring of stories. At this stage of the development of the therapy, the facilitation of the story-telling is being achieved by hypnosis, although later Freud was to move away from this. How great the shift in the power balance was, it is difficult to tell a this distance, but what is clear from the case report is that Emmy von N.s case provided a much more convoluted series of psychical traumas and symptoms than that presented by Anna O. While Anna Os symptoms seemed to match the traumatic events rather neatly, Emmy von Ns mind was not nearly as well organised. At one point Freud discovers that taking the lift to his office causes his patient a considerable amount of stress. To try and examine where this comes from he explores whether she has had any previous traumatic experiences in lifts a logical first step within the theoretical framework. Coincidentally, it appears, the patient mentions that she is very worried about her daughter in relation to elevators. The next logical step then should be that talking about this fear should release the affect and lead to catharsis, but this is not what Freud finds. The next part of the puzzle is revealed when he finds out t hat she is currently menstruating, then finally the last part falls into place when he finds out that as her daughter has been suffering ovarian problems, she has had to travel in a lift in order to meet with her doctor. After some deliberation Freud realises that there is in fact a false connection between the patients menstruation and the worry at her daughter using a lift. It is this confusion of connections that Freud begins to realise is a form of defence to the traumatic thoughts. Freuds Treatment of Hysteria In the final part of Studies in Hysteria Freud sets out his theory of hysteria and what he has learnt about its treatment. Not only does this part of the book recap some of the themes already discussed but it also highlights some future direction in which Freuds work would travel. Two key signposts are seen: first in his stance on hypnotism, and secondly in his view on what constitutes hysteria. In an attempt to be of benefit to patients with hysteria, who he believed this treatment would help, he tried to treat as many as possible. The problem for him was how to tell the difference between a patient with hysteria and one without. Freud chose an interesting solution to what might have been a protracted problem of diagnosis. He simply treated patients who seemed   to have hysteria and let the results of that treatment speak for themselves. What this immediately did was to widen out the object of his enquiry to neuroses in general. Picking up on the lightly touched theme of sexual tr ansference between Breuer and Anna O mentioned earlier, Freud made his feelings about the roots of neurotic problems quite clear, and in the process set the agenda for psychoanalysis for the next century or more. He believed that one of the primal factors in neuroses lay in sexual matters. In particular Freud came to acknowledge that peoples neuroses rarely came in a pure form, as the early and almost impossibly neat case of Anna O had signposted, and that in fact people were more of a mixed bag. Looking back through the cases reported in Studies on Hysteria Freud explains that he came to see a sexual undercurrent in his notes that had not been at the forefront of his mind when he had treated the patients. Especially in the case of Anna O as already noted Freud felt Breuer had missed a trick. What these ideas seem to be adding up to is almost a rejection of hysteria, if not as a separate diagnosis, certainly as a category of disease practically amenable to treatment. Freud, however, is defensive about rejecting the idea of hysteria as a separate diagnosis, despite the fact that that is the direction in which his thoughts are heading. At this stage he believes it can be treated as a separate part of a patients range of symptoms and the effect of this treatment will be governed by its relative importance overall. Those patients, like Anna O, who have relatively pure cases of hysteria will respond well to the cathartic treatment, while those diluted cases will not. The second key signpost for the future of psychoanalysis was Freuds use of hypnosis. What he found was that many of the patients he saw were simply not hypnotisable Freud claims unwillingness on their part but other writers are of the opinion that he was simply not that good at it (Forrester, 1990). This was a problem for Freud because Breuers formulation of the treatment for hysteria required that events were recollected that were not normally available to a person. Hypnosis had originally proved a good method and indeed in Anna Os case the only method for gaining access to these past events. In response, Freud now turned away from hypnosis to develop his own techniques for eliciting the patients traumatic events. These were quite simple: he insisted that the patient remember what the traumatic event was, and if they still could not, he would ask the patient to lie down and close their eyes nowadays one of the archetypal images of patient and analyst. Freud saw the patients relu ctance of his patients to report their traumatic events as a one of the biggest hurdles in his coalescing form of therapy. He came up with the idea that there was some psychical force within the patient that stopped the memories from being retrieved. From the patients he had treated, he had found that the memories that were being held back were often of an embarrassing or shameful nature. If was for this reason that the patient was activating psychical defence mechanisms. At this stage he hoped to be able to show in the future that it was this defence or repulsion of the traumatic event to the depths of the memory that was causing so much psychical pain to the patient. Overcoming this psychical force, Freud found, was not as simple as insisting, and he developed some further techniques. Patients would easily drift off their point or simply dry up and it needed more powerful persuasion to return them to the traumatic event. One particular technique he found extremely useful and would almost invariably use it when treating patients. This involved placing his hand on the patients head and instructing them that when they feel the pressure they will also see an image of their traumatic event. Having assured the patient that whatever they see, they should not worry that this image is inappropriate or too shameful to discuss, then they are asked to attempt a description of the image. Freud believed that this system worked by distracting the patient, in a similar way as hypnosis, from their conscious searching for the psychical trauma and allowed their mind to float free. Even using the new technique of applying pressure, it did not provide direct access to the psychical trauma. What Freud found was that it tended to signal a jumping off point or a way-station, somewhere on the way to or from the trauma. Sometimes the image produced would provide a new starting point from which the patient could work, sometimes it fitted into the flow of the subject of discussion. Occasionally the new image would bring a long-forgotten idea to the patients mind which would surprise them and initially seem to be unrelated, but later turn out to have a connection. Freud was so pleased with his new pressure technique that, in complex cases, he would often use it continuously on the patient. This procedure would bring to light memories that had been hitherto completely forgotten, as well as new connections between these memories and even, sometimes, thoughts that the patient doesnt even believe to be their own. Freud is careful to point out that although his pressure technique was useful, there were a number of very strong forms of defence that stopped him gaining easy access to the patients psychical trauma. He often found that in the first instance, applying pressure by his hand to the patient would not work, but when he insisted to the patient that it would work the next time, it often would. Still, the patient would sometimes immediately reinterpret or, indeed, begin to edit what was seen, thus making the reporting much less useful. Freud makes it clear that sometimes the most useful observations or memories of the patient are those that they consider to be of least use or relevance. Also, the memories will tend to emerge in a haphazard fashion, only later, and with the skill of the analyst, being fitted together into a coherent picture. Freud refers to this as a kind of censoring of the traumatic events, as though it can only be glimpsed in a mirror or partially occluded around a corne r. Slowly but sure the analyst begins to build up a picture with the accretion of material. There is nothing, Freud believed that is not relevant every piece of information is a link in the chain, another clue to the event that has traumatised the psyche. Another major component of psychoanalysis makes its first appearance in the Studies on Hysteria. Freud describes a final defence or block against the work of treating hysteria in the very relationship between the patient and doctor. Indeed, Freud sees this defence is sure to arise, and perhaps the most difficult defence of all to overcome. The first of the three circumstances in which it may arise is a simple, probably small, breakdown in the relationship between the physician and patient. It might be that the patient is unsure about the physicians techniques or alternatively has felt slighted in the treatment in some way. This can be rectified with a sensitive discussion. The second of the three circumstances occurs when the patient becomes fearful that they will lose their independence because of a reliance on their treating physician. As almost all of Freuds patients who had hysteria were women, this could be conceived as a sexual reliance. The third circumstance is where the pati ent begins to take the problem that they are trying to resolve and transfer it onto the physician, thereby seeing their problem there instead of where it really exists. Freud provides the straightforward example of the sexual transference of a female patient of his who suddenly developed the vision of kissing him. He reports that the patient could not be analysed any further until this block had been addressed. The mechanism by which this transference happens, he posits, is that the patient creates a false connection between the compulsion which is the basis for their treatment and the therapist, rather than its original recipient. In treating these defences Freud makes it clear that the main aim should be to make the patient aware that this problem exists, and then once they are aware of it, the problem is largely dealt with. The challenge, then, is getting the patient to admit to these potentially embarrassing feelings. The Aetiology of Hysteria The development of Freuds theory of the aetiology of hysteria provides one of the most insightful, and sometimes controversial, areas of his work. The formation of the theory, like the work on its treatment, provided another important testing ground for some of the basic elements of what would later become psychoanalysis. Previous authors, including Breuer in the joint work with Freud in Studies on Hysteria, gave great weight to the heredity factors in the causes of hysteria. Freud meanwhile acknowledged these ideas, but in Heredity and the Aetiology of the Neuroses (Freud, 1896b) set out the three factors he believed were important and began to formulate a new theory. The causes of hysteria could be broken down into: (1) Preconditions this would include hereditary factors, (2) concurrent causes which are generalised causes and (3) specific causes, these being specific to the hysteria itself. It is in these specific causes he believed he had found an important contribution to aetiology of the condition. One of the common factors of the patients Freud was seeing, and the one he was coming to see as defining, was in their sexual problems. He reports that while many suffered from a range of different symptoms such as constipation, dyspepsia and fatigue, almost all of them had some kind of sexual problems. These ranged from the inability to achieve orgasm to a more general inability to have a satisfying sexually relationship. Freud saw this as a very significant problem as he maintains that the nervous systems needs to be regularly purged of sexual tension. This pattern across his patients, and the development of his theory of traumatic psychical events, led him to wonder what past events could have caused the sexual dysfunction the patients with hysteria were manifesting. Radically, and expecting no small amount of opposition to the idea, Freud advanced the theory that these neuroses were caused by sexual abuse before the age of sexual maturity. Of the thirteen cases that Freud had tre ated at the time of the paper, all of them had been subject to sexual abuse at an early age. However, Freud does make it clear that the information about their sexual lives is not obtained without some considerable pressure, and it only emerges in a fragmentary way that has later to be pieced together by the therapist. At this early stage of the theory, Freud believed that the sexual abuse left a psychical trace and formed the traumatic experience which was locked away in the depths of the mind. These ideas were much further developed and expanded on in Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence (Freud, 1896a). Earlier Freud had grouped together hysteria with hallucinatory states and obsessions (Freud, 1894) and had begun to formulate the idea that all of these conditions had a common aetiology. In particular, Freud felt these were all part of an area where the ideas of psychological defences and psychological repression were important. Freud had found that patients he had seen had suffered sexual abuse sometimes as early as two years old and up to the age of ten, which he drew as an artificial cut-off point. What other theorists saw as a heredity, Freud saw as the confluence of factors for example if a boy had been sexually abused when he was five then it was likely that his brother would have been abused by the same person. Rather than seeing heredity as a separate factor in hysteria, he saw the sexual abuse as a replacement for heredity, sometimes exclusively, as the root cause in itself. The theory shows an interesting divergence in the analysis of obsessional neuroses. Here, Freud believed that the obsessional neuroses were caused by a sexual activity   in childhood rather than the sexual passivity typical of abuse. These ideas linked in neatly to the greater preponderance of obsessional neuroses in males. A logical division is therefore made with the females, the apparently more passive sex suffering from hysteria, while the apparently more active sex suffering from obsessions. In searching for the aetiology of these two conditions, it is here that Freud prefigures his future thinking on stages of sexual development by introducing the idea that the development of neuroses and/or hysteria is/are dependent on when the sexual abuse occurs in the developmental stages of the child, with sexual maturation providing the cut-off point. In The Aetiology of Hysteria Freud again makes clear his divergence from his mentor, Charcot, in claiming that heredity is not the most important factor in the aetiology of hysteria (Freud 1896c). Freud (1896c) travels back through the life-histories of the patients he has treated looking for the original source of the psychical trauma, discounting all sexual experiences at puberty and later. It is only in pre-pubescent children, when the potential for harm is at its greatest that there lies a sufficient cause. Freuds theory revolves around the idea that at a

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Antigone’s Purpose

Brooks Fridey Antigone’s Purpose In the story of Antigone, originally written by Sophocles, explains the story, of a woman who stands up for her own beliefs against the king. At the time of Sophocles, women had little power and authority. They were expected to listen to their husband, king, or any man that speaks to or asks a woman of something. The story starts up where the story of Oedipus ends, in his death. Trouble and war are about to begin in Thebes, so Antigone travels there to try and stop what may become of her family and country.From my observations, this story can be analyzed in multiple ways, whether it is about the struggles of women, defying the higher power, or responding to the will of the gods. It is said that the royal family of Thebes is cursed to endure suffering, pain, death and loss. Antigone is aware of her family’s fate, but is ready to change her possible destiny for herself and her family. In Thebes, the members of the royal family are either k illing themselves or are being murdered. Antigone is torn by this and decides she must go to Thebes to fix this.She got word that her brothers, Polyneices and Eteocles, were going to fight each other until one was dead. She tried to be there before any fight happened, but was too late, and found out from her sister, that bother brothers were killed during the fight. The king ordered that Eteocles deserved a proper burial, but Polyneices was to not be touched and would not get a burial underground. Antigone asked her sister, Ismene, to help her bury their brother properly, but she refused. It was ordered that anyone who touches the body will be arrested and shall be punished by death.Ismene told Antigone that she cannot bring herself to do it. She feels that her family’s consistently terrible luck and the fact that she’s a woman are quite inhibiting. Antigone was ready to stand up for the women who would not defy men’s authority. She was fine with doing what she needed to herself. Ismene, who is trapped under the influence and power of man, tries to beg Antigone she will be making a mistake and will suffer great consequences. Stating, â€Å"It is a losing battle, fighting Man† (Sophocles). It is obvious throughout the story, that nothing will prevent or slow Antigone from what she is going to do.Not man, nor power, or laws is enough to change her mind. Creon’s reasoning as to why Eteocles gets a burial service and Polyneices is to be left out for the birds, is to him, justified that Eteocles died honorably defending the city, while Polyneices was just a dishonorable exile. This was no real justification to Antigone, and she was going to take matters into her own hands, defying the king. It was soon discovered that Polyneices’ body had been ritually prepared for a burial, so the messenger relayed the news to the king. He ordered that the messenger find who is responsible for this or he will die if he fails.As what seemed , intended the sentry soon found Antigone trying to bury her brother. She was arrested, and taken to Creon. Antigone does not deny her crime, she tells Creon her actions were for justice and obedience to the gods. With all of Antigone’s stubbornness, she continues to still disrespect the king even after she has been caught. She will not give in to the king, disagreeing with any justification he promotes. Creon attempts to shame her for her actions, but this has no real effect on her due to a large amount of pride dignity she has left for herself.Creon feels it is particularly important not to be beaten by a person of the female persuasion. The battle of opposite effect continues with Antigone and Ismene, as she is brought into question as well from a hunch the king has that Ismene is also involved in this crime. She immediately pleads guilty to the accusations, saying she aided in the burial of Polyneices. Antigone is enraged that she would plead guilty to something she had n ot done, but Ismene confronts the fact she will not be able to go on without Antigone alive.It is expressed throughout the story, the importance of obeying the gods. To Antigone, it is not necessary that someone should obey their leader at all times. She believes what Creon declared to happen to her brothers was unfair and that the gods were telling her she needed to bury her brother. Antigone was unapproved to the treatment of women in these times, and that the king must be obeyed in all causes. She believed the gods were the true powers, and bad things would come upon you if you did not cooperate with their requests.When Haemon comes into the story, acknowledged as Antigone’s fiancee, who is the son of Creon, makes it clear why Antigone was even still alive. Although Creon was cruel and often harsh, there was still something or someone holding him back from simply killing her. Haemon told his father it would be wrong to kill Antigone and would bring great mourning to the pe ople of Thebes following her death. He wants Creon to be open to others views, but Creon responds by calling Haemon a woman’s slave for backing up a woman and not his own father.A blind prophet advises Creon that he should properly bury Polyneices and release Antigone. He says if he does not he will greatly anger the gods, and might create his own misfortune for his disobedience. Possibly leading to his own death. As Creon ponders his possibilities and future, he finally decides to release Antigone and bury Polyneices. As he thought he was then making the right decision, he would soon find out what his choice will cause. Antigone knew she didn’t want to keep living in this world of mistreatment and cruelty, and was willing to end her life.Creon did not think she would actually go through anything like suicide, but upon her release, she quickly hung herself and gave herself to the gods. Haemon found out what happened, and enraged, attacked his father, and missed leading to Haemon striking himself with the sword and killing himself. As if the story for Creon could be any more devastating, instantly regretting his choice, is told by a messenger that his wife enrages by Creon’s actions, as well, and killed herself. Creon is left with nothing and no one close to him in his life, and wonders what to do now.This is a story that depicts the power of anyone, especially women. With enough determination and manipulation, anything is possible. Antigone was dealt with an accumulation of anger towards her genders rights, the abuse of power, and being righteous enough to still follow her gods. She is seen as one of the first feminists in this time, and although may have gone to an extreme to defend her honor, clearly made a point to Creon, leaving him with nothing, what neglect of someone’s abilities are and abusing one’s power can do.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

What Essay Topics for 8th Graders Cause and Effect Is - and What it Is Not

What Essay Topics for 8th Graders Cause and Effect Is - and What it Is Not What You Don't Know About Essay Topics for 8th Graders Cause and Effect 1 school of thought believes that children who aren't occupied are more inclined to get into trouble. You may be able to speak about the overall education classes you took, or the manner your family helped you make your choice. We're certain your school years ought to be the best years of your life. Writing about the reason and effect essay topics related to the school's popularity or surviving the initial year in college might be fine to grab the interest of your peers. Explain why you should wear distinctive clothes once the weather changes. Try to remember your time is limited and you don't need to waste any of that attempting to develop an incorrect topic. Learn why Christmas trees became a sign of winter holidays. There are a few places on the planet where the weather is extremely hard to forecast. In any instance, you will need to specify this info in the thesis statement. Regardless of what way you decide on, you need to compose reasonable topic sentences to each paragraph. There's one primary issue with the five paragraph essay. Use vivid information and catchy epithets to spell out your feelings. When you select a cause and effect topic, it ought to be something that you either know well or are interested in knowing more about. While describing a health problem such as some type of disease, it's possible to include many effects. The explanations for why folks exercise and the psychological consequences. You may be angry or frust rated, but there might be long-term effects too, including a potential increase in blood pressure. The Basic Facts of Essay Topics for 8th Graders Cause and Effect You could learn more about the causes that help people get to the goal and why some individuals are luckier than others. When there are certainly lots of health-related causes of insomnia, you may also discuss how pressures at school, on the job or in your social life might enable you to drop sleep. The explanations for and prospective impacts of AI. Consider the source of students' unwillingness to receive up early in the morning. Well, you own a task to compose a 7th grade essay. Because of all of these critical jobs that will need to get mastered, attempt to select easy to research and intriguing topics for 8th grade students. 8th graders are simply learning how to discover themes in literature. An 8th grader should learn to research, he or she should practice writing thesis statements, the outline procedure sh ould be mastered, he or she should understand how to compose a rough draft, and in text citations will need to get mastered. For this, you'll need to perform a small questionnaire. It's possible to use a regular five paragraph essay format for this kind of paper. Select the one that you find interesting enough and delight in the writing process! We understand how to deal with the writing process easily. The Advantages of Essay Topics for 8th Graders Cause and Effect We're keen to meet the requirements of our clientele. Writing calls for realistic topics, that require a though understanding of the topic and a simple yet elegant manner of writing to coincide with the contemporary type of thinking. 8th grade students need to be carefully nurtured so they find themselves in a handy place to water their potential. You might even consider the various styles of yoga and the way they affect the body differently. Essay Topics for 8th Graders Cause and Effect at a Glance In any case, every one of them has to be supported by vivid particulars. You don't have to be concerned about your personal details that may be viewed, as we handle the matter on a safe network. Make sure that you have enough data that you may use as an effective evidence. The info inside this list is going to be the body of your paper and will assist support your assertions. The readers want to observe the huge picture. Although some may see them as pretty complicated, they are a few of the most straightforward article ideas you will ever encounter. Our blog can provide a whole lot of unique topics along with guidelines. At the same time that you may state your view on the subject, it's also essential that you include the opposing opinion in another paragraph, permitting the readers to ponder on their own options on the topic. Differences in political views continue to be vivid in the united states, and there's not surprising that this circumstance is a heritage from the American Civil War. Cause and effect is a huge selection for those who want to better their skills not just in writing but logical thinking also. Slaves which were given their freedom didn't understand what things to do with it.

Wednesday, January 1, 2020

The Effects Of Gun Control On The United States - 2910 Words

McKenna Schlickman: Gun Control There has been a huge increase of gun related deaths in the US United States and the related stories have been all over the news and newspapers. Taking guns out of circulation could be helpful, but is not likely to completely solve the problem. A current issue in the United States is gun control, and whether or not the government can, or should take away our right to own them is the big debate. There have been numerous situations covered by the news media where guns have been used to take lives in an outburst of anger, or during a mental breakdown of some kind. Currently, it seems that the government is trying to take away all guns including ones that people use for sport, hunting and self-defense. Gun control involves the efforts to regulate or control the sales and distribution of guns. The history of preventing private ownership of firearms goes back to colonial days. Gun control has been an issue in the United States for multiple decades. For example, in 1692, Massachusetts colonies did not allow firearms in public places Maryland’s, early laws prevented slaves, former slaves, and Roman Catholics from owning firearms. The Second Amendment states that â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a country Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† People who oppose gun control want to maintain their rights as stated in the Second Amendment, and object to the surrenderShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesGun control has become a very important topic within the United States after the past couple of months. There have been many issues that have occurred to make people think that banning guns is something we need to invest in, even though that just would not be the greatest option. There are many parts to winning a debate on gun control. One always needs to be sure to view both sides of the issue, look at the causes and t he effects of the issue, and being sure one has enough facts and statistics toRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States892 Words   |  4 Pagesshooting have occurred in the United States. This is paired with the fact that gun ownership in the United States stays significantly higher per capita as compared to any other developed nation. Lastly, statistics from these tragedies evidenced that most of the weapons used are legally obtained, high volume weapons. It remains clear that as a country we cannot stay at the top in gun-ownership, and consequently have mass shootings decrease. We must examine ways that regulating gun ownership can prevent tragediesRead MoreEffects Of Gun Control On The United States Essay1958 Words   |  8 PagesEffects on Gun Control â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.† The right of all Americans to bear arms is a right the Founding Fathers held to equal importance as the Constitution itself. Gun control laws directly violate this right and therefore should not even be under consideration. Even if that issue is overlooked, gun control advocates state that in order to reduce firearm related violenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States1154 Words   |  5 Pagesrestriction on gun control and weather or not government and Obama should take away gun control or leave it alone. Just since 2013, there have been over 143 school shootings in the United States. Just in 2015, there has been over 45 school shootings in the United States. In some states, new laws have been added stating that if you’re going to buy a gun, you will need a background check. They do this for the saf ety of other people but not only that; but for the safety of that person as well. The United StatesRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States939 Words   |  4 PagesMass shootings in the United States have literally become an everyday occurrence. A mass shooting is a firearm-violence related incident where four or more people are killed or injured, and recent research shows that on average, over one mass shooting occurs per day (Lafraniere). In a country where guns are hailed as being tools for problem-solving and self-defense, there is a saddening amount of violence caused by firearms. The NRA will always claim that it is people and not guns who kill, but the amountRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States1906 Words   |  8 PagesIncredible amount of gun violence has been on an exponential incline and has been a very serious issue in the recent years. Some of the hardest issues for gun control, is deciding on whether or not to make it stricter or ba n all guns. Currently in the United States; passing new laws for gun control is in a standstill, thanks to politicians who do not wish to cooperate with each other. A vast majority of proposals have been made, but with little to none making it all the way to get passed. AnotherRead MoreThe Effects Of Stricter Gun Control On The United States1352 Words   |  6 Pagesabout states in the U.S. proves the correlation between strict gun control policies and deaths related to firearms to the least extent. According to an article published by Richard Florida on CityLab, a research shows that states with stricter gun control have fewer gun-related fatalities. The study in the article was conducted by researchers at Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard School of Public Health. Researchers measured â€Å"legislative strength† of gun control policiesRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On The United States Of America1811 Words   |  8 Pagespaper w ill explore and expose the gun control effects and actions in the United States of America. It will also explain the results of gun control over a decade and show a report of the research the author conducted through a few academic: articles, research, and statistics. The paper will also suggest a solution to compromise both opposing gun control and favoring gun control. The Causes and Effects of Gun Control in the United States The United States has been a gun culture country since the day theRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control Laws On The United States921 Words   |  4 Pagesin the United States due to the lack of gun control laws mass shootings like this one are common. This is very unfortunate not only for Americans but for the global community. Having family in the United States and cousins in grade school, I find it frightening that their lives are at risk all because it is easy for people to purchase guns. In Canada we feel very safe and secure due to the strong gun control laws. It is immensely important that the USA takes a stand and applies stronger gun controlRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Control On The Death Rate Of The United States977 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst article is by Franklin E. Zimring as he addresses the necessity for gun control in the United States. It would seem that the use of handguns increases the death rate of violence by a 3:5 ratio. Controlling this death rate is a potentially lifesaving entity, however only if the use of guns in assaults can be lessened. One social impact that could lower the death rate is the prevention of assaults due to the fear of gun-owning victims who could retaliate against the assailant. The ability a weapon